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    <lastmod>2021-05-11</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597449360325-5ONKQAY28A7LEP5R4CZD/WhatsApp%2BImage%2B2020-08-08%2Bat%2B7.14.27%2BPM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Dolores Álvarez-Garriga</image:title>
      <image:caption>This project investigates the meanings of Simple Past and Present Perfect in the so- called Rioplatense Spanish of Argentina. In previous studies we have shown that there are sensitive differences in the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect in different speaking communities of Argentina. Nevertheless, the results prove that all the uses are consistent with the hypothesized meanings: CLOSED/OPEN TO THE SPEAKING SPHERE, respectively. Read More</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597452033928-CV5U27L7QR4MMID75SUJ/20180627_173207.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Gabriela Bravo de Laguna</image:title>
      <image:caption>Es profesora en Letras y magister en Linguística, egresada de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, de la UNLP. Alumna del Doctorado en Letras de la misma Unidad Académica. Es Jefa de Trabajos Prácticos de la cátedra de Lingüística del Profesorado en Letras y profesora de las asignaturas Sociolingüística y Gramática y Lingüística IV, del Profesorado en Lengua y Literatura. Integra los equipos de Investigación dirigidos por la Dra. Read More</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1601638656075-B2BVTNUFS5FRF30QDXMT/20201002_031043001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Eduardo Ho-Fernández</image:title>
      <image:caption>Building on previous Society-sponsored research, this project investigates a complex set of word order facts in Spanish involving event words and words inferred to be participants in those events. The hypothesis is that position before the event (PEP) signals HIGHER, and position after the event (PEP) signals LOWER, Participant Attentionworthiness. Read More</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597669597444-BPQMX03P05JPBNWW77B5/Liebman.professional.photo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Aaron Liebman</image:title>
      <image:caption>This fellowship project builds on research that Aaron Liebman conducted many years ago as part of an undergraduate course with Dr. Alan Huffman, in which he collected examples of the English 'bare infinitive' (infinitives without 'to', from Harper Lee's novel 'To Kill a Mockingbird').  Mr. Liebman wrote a paper, presented his findings, and discussed his examples with William Diver himself and with other Columbia School linguists at the Friday morning seminar.    Read More</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450732797-6GVQWSLDWYLMGU1SX5XH/andrew-picture-4-19_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Andrew McCormick</image:title>
      <image:caption>The focus of this dissertation is the form how. The goal is to account for the distribution of how, a monosemous form with a single invariant meaning will be proposed. This claim presents a challenge to traditional analyses, which have posited at least three categories for the form: manner adverb (‘how to make lasagna’), intensifier (‘how far/how many’) and complementizer (this role is applied to situations where how is believed to be interpreted as an informal version of ‘that,’ as in, ‘He said how nobody likes the new policy’). Read More</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450768917-HTSB3CJE6PFBNH25GTGZ/Max%2BMiller.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Max Miller</image:title>
      <image:caption>This project will study the two forms that indicate PAST Time in English—PAST (e.g. chose) and PAST, BEFORE (had chosen)—and their relative meanings. In traditional grammar, there has been an assumption that the PAST, BEFORE is used to narratively link two events in time, placing one before or after another. However, the PAST has been seen to perform the same function (Vonnegut 1973). The Columbia School has shown that a difference in signals reliably indicates a distinction in meaning. Read More</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450831056-8GUHXGKIBSUNPF1CVALG/IMG_20190604_204235.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Ludmila Novotny</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ludmila Novotny is a Certified English-Spanish Translator based in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. She holds a degree in Literary and Technical-Scientific Translation from the Instituto de Enseñanza Superior en Lenguas Vivas “Juan Ramón Fernández” and a degree in Legal Translation from the Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. She is currently pursuing a Master’s Degree in Linguistics at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, while also working as a field researcher and research assistant for a project at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Germany). Read More</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450875007-HLWH39KE8NE69LXXK4GO/roxana-risco-csl-website_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Roxana Risco</image:title>
      <image:caption>The semantic contribution of A in Spanish: a signal-meaning hypothesis. This project builds on a previous Society-sponsored research. The analytical problem undertaken concerns the distribution of the form A in Spanish (traditionally known as prepositional-A and personal-A). This study relies on the explanation for its use in terms of a meaning hypothesis (Diver 2012; Huffman 1997): a single invariant semantic value functioning as a communicative tool that simply contributes to the communication of many different types of messages or message partials rather than encoded messages.   Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450942021-VY028Z06HBLI9AW03948/Photo%2BDP%2Bvan%2BSoeren.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Daan van Soeren</image:title>
      <image:caption>Daan van Soeren, CSLS research fellow since 2018, is a student of Bob de Jonge, who in turn was a student of Erica García, co-founder of what is now known as Columbia School linguistic thought. His dissertation project is carried out within the framework of Columbia School Phonology, more commonly known as Phonology as Human Behaviour (PHB; Diver 2012), which argues that the phonology of languages is shaped the balance between maximum communication and minimal effort. Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450974500-RFFY27NBKCYFO87XHCJI/lauren-whitty.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2020-2021 - Lauren Whitty</image:title>
      <image:caption>This fellowship is focused on the investigation of must, may and could. This research builds on my previous research where a Columbia School lens is used to understand the distribution of can (and could). The hypothesis for can is part of a monosemic system of meaning which accounts for all occurrences of can, and identifies two forms of could (one being what is traditionally described as the past of can, and the other having its own place in the modal, or likelihood, system). Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/midyear-rfp-2020-2021</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-10-07</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/unpublished-essays</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2021-04-03</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/cuwpl</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2022-10-24</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/videos</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-03-30</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1606500883713-KYIV4ZVMPQPLHAEAZRTE/Copy%2Bof%2BCopy%2Bof%2BCog%2BSpace-2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Videos</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1665767871712-13P7I25Y477D1R3RFWRB/Garcia+.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Videos - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1606497509758-96UD3HGX59FF3BKQ638O/Copy+of+Copy+of+Cog+Space-2+copy.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Videos</image:title>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/member-resources-videos</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-10-22</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/fulltext-pdfs</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-11-30</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/dissertations</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-01-21</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/csls-and-esl-pedagogy</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-10-22</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/cs-in-the-functionalcognitive-space</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-10-22</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/introduction</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-03-30</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/fellows-2020-2021-1</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2021-08-10</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597449360325-5ONKQAY28A7LEP5R4CZD/WhatsApp%2BImage%2B2020-08-08%2Bat%2B7.14.27%2BPM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Dolores Álvarez-Garriga</image:title>
      <image:caption>This project investigates the meanings of Simple Past and Present Perfect in the so- called Rioplatense Spanish of Argentina. In previous studies we have shown that there are sensitive differences in the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect in different speaking communities of Argentina. Nevertheless, the results prove that all the uses are consistent with the hypothesized meanings: CLOSED/OPEN TO THE SPEAKING SPHERE, respectively. Read More</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597452033928-CV5U27L7QR4MMID75SUJ/20180627_173207.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Gabriela Bravo de Laguna</image:title>
      <image:caption>Es profesora en Letras y magister en Linguística, egresada de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, de la UNLP. Alumna del Doctorado en Letras de la misma Unidad Académica. Es Jefa de Trabajos Prácticos de la cátedra de Lingüística del Profesorado en Letras y profesora de las asignaturas Sociolingüística y Gramática y Lingüística IV, del Profesorado en Lengua y Literatura. Integra los equipos de Investigación dirigidos por la Dra. Read More</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1628602628787-6JRBB74I8XD4Y7LRSN17/Kelli+Hesseltine.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Kelli Hesseltine</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kelli Hesseltine, a CSLS research fellow since 2016. Kelli’s previous linguistic research, conducted with her mentor Joseph Davis, involves an examination of the order of words traditionally classified as nouns and adjectives.  Over the course of three years, Hesseltine and Davis developed and gathered data for the Assertion of Characterization hypothesis, exploring two different meanings - WEAKER (signaled by the order AB, with a preposed adjective), and STRONGER (BA, postposed) - with which language users communicate an assertion of an entity’s characterizing traits.  In 2020, their work, “The communicative function of adjective-noun order in English,” was published in the academic linguistic journal WORD and there they identified several issues for future consideration, one of which is Hesseltine’s research focus for this year’s fellowship.   Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1601638656075-B2BVTNUFS5FRF30QDXMT/20201002_031043001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Eduardo Ho-Fernández</image:title>
      <image:caption>Building on previous Society-sponsored research, this project investigates a complex set of word order facts in Spanish involving event words and words inferred to be participants in those events. The hypothesis is that position before the event (PEP) signals HIGHER, and position after the event (PEP) signals LOWER, Participant Attentionworthiness. Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450732797-6GVQWSLDWYLMGU1SX5XH/andrew-picture-4-19_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Andrew McCormick</image:title>
      <image:caption>The focus of this dissertation is the form how. The goal is to account for the distribution of how, a monosemous form with a single invariant meaning will be proposed. This claim presents a challenge to traditional analyses, which have posited at least three categories for the form: manner adverb (‘how to make lasagna’), intensifier (‘how far/how many’) and complementizer (this role is applied to situations where how is believed to be interpreted as an informal version of ‘that,’ as in, ‘He said how nobody likes the new policy’). Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450768917-HTSB3CJE6PFBNH25GTGZ/Max%2BMiller.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Max Miller</image:title>
      <image:caption>This project will study the two forms that indicate PAST Time in English—PAST (e.g. chose) and PAST, BEFORE (had chosen)—and their relative meanings. In traditional grammar, there has been an assumption that the PAST, BEFORE is used to narratively link two events in time, placing one before or after another. However, the PAST has been seen to perform the same function (Vonnegut 1973). The Columbia School has shown that a difference in signals reliably indicates a distinction in meaning. Read More</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450831056-8GUHXGKIBSUNPF1CVALG/IMG_20190604_204235.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Ludmila Novotny</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ludmila Novotny is a Certified English-Spanish Translator based in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. She holds a degree in Literary and Technical-Scientific Translation from the Instituto de Enseñanza Superior en Lenguas Vivas “Juan Ramón Fernández” and a degree in Legal Translation from the Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. She is currently pursuing a Master’s Degree in Linguistics at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, while also working as a field researcher and research assistant for a project at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Germany). Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450875007-HLWH39KE8NE69LXXK4GO/roxana-risco-csl-website_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Roxana Risco</image:title>
      <image:caption>The semantic contribution of A in Spanish: a signal-meaning hypothesis. This project builds on a previous Society-sponsored research. The analytical problem undertaken concerns the distribution of the form A in Spanish (traditionally known as prepositional-A and personal-A). This study relies on the explanation for its use in terms of a meaning hypothesis (Diver 2012; Huffman 1997): a single invariant semantic value functioning as a communicative tool that simply contributes to the communication of many different types of messages or message partials rather than encoded messages.   Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450942021-VY028Z06HBLI9AW03948/Photo%2BDP%2Bvan%2BSoeren.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Daan van Soeren</image:title>
      <image:caption>Daan van Soeren, CSLS research fellow since 2018, is a student of Bob de Jonge, who in turn was a student of Erica García, co-founder of what is now known as Columbia School linguistic thought. His dissertation project is carried out within the framework of Columbia School Phonology, more commonly known as Phonology as Human Behaviour (PHB; Diver 2012), which argues that the phonology of languages is shaped the balance between maximum communication and minimal effort. Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1628603389577-M6X288B1Y40O418KYD02/CSLogo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2021-2022 - Albert Ventayol-Boada</image:title>
      <image:caption>In this research fellowship Albert analyzes the so-called ‘grammatical focus’ in Kolyma Yukaghir (Yukaghiric; Russia) vis-à-vis the nominal case system and the verbal paradigms in the language. While current descriptions have listed the different forms linked to ‘focused’ and ‘non-focused’ morphology, the functions associated with each sign are less clear and do not specify in what social and pragmatic contexts speakers may choose to use them. This research is part of his doctoral dissertation on the morphosyntax of the two extant Yukaghiric languages using corpus methods, and psycholinguistic experiments in the field.  Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/cs-class-2021</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2021-09-22</lastmod>
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      <image:title>CS Class 2021</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/code-of-conduct</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-03-30</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1636496223990-TKAA5F114N6KGVJWYQ05/Edited+Doc+retention+policy.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Code of Conduct - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/conference2023</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-03-30</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1657553932169-8YCWZRX0BY2MJAP5EQKF/Copy+of+presents.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Thirteenth International CS Conference - Thank you to all of our conference participants and presenters.</image:title>
      <image:caption>If you have any questions about the conference, contact organizers at conference@csling.org.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/b2251466-3df3-467f-ab47-725b209239aa/image.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Thirteenth International CS Conference - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/pastcsclasses</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-08-29</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Past CS Classes</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/2023-conference-photos</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-01-22</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/fac66eb0-930c-4c22-9379-4b1d4ad8755d/NS+Opening+Remarks+-+CS+Conference+2023+Jan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>2023 Conference photos</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/c4ba710e-57db-4451-ab88-c7e844192840/DO1060926.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>2023 Conference photos</image:title>
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      <image:title>2023 Conference photos</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/11ed3d6a-8762-40e8-a73f-453a48047afc/L1060869.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>2023 Conference photos</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/cda7d7ce-2de8-4775-a667-6aeca376cfae/L1060972.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>2023 Conference photos</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/09087794-9e6a-40c8-84a1-92393d353f31/L1060998.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>2023 Conference photos</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/fb44e1bf-af22-4c6d-a992-3f5fad65c3c6/L1070011.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>2023 Conference photos</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1ff8fb74-7d52-48c3-bda3-a086a8995170/L1070006.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>2023 Conference photos</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/c8b56379-3090-4548-aba4-be56f2fd2fb5/L1060848.JPG</image:loc>
      <image:title>2023 Conference photos</image:title>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/rfps-20262027</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2026-03-25</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/2023-conference-keynote-speakers</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-05-25</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/fellows-202324</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-01-31</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1660569285214-8RIEKLCEL3D46C0NN5UO/IMG-20220813-WA0012%5B1%5D.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2023-2024 - Ryan Ka Yau Lai University of California Santa Barbara Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>Using naturally-occurring conversational data, this project studies the order of elements in Central Tibetan known traditionally as arguments, when they precede the forms known traditionally as the verb. The purpose of the project is to advance a meaning hypothesis about the order of these forms that will explain their distribution in the spoken texts. The distribution of these forms will be studied using a combination of qualitative examination of particular examples, and quantitative modelling of the word order using rank-order logit models.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450732797-6GVQWSLDWYLMGU1SX5XH/andrew-picture-4-19_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2023-2024 - Andrew McCormick City University of New York, Graduate Center Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>The focus of this dissertation is the form how. The goal is to account for the distribution of how, a monosemous form with a single invariant meaning will be proposed. This claim presents a challenge to traditional analyses, which have posited at least three categories for the form: manner adverb (‘how to make lasagna’), intensifier (‘how far/how many’) and complementizer (this role is applied to situations where how is believed to be interpreted as an informal version of ‘that,’ as in, ‘He said how nobody likes the new policy’). Read More</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/9e0dd9a5-3bd7-4bc0-8fc8-a6f39e744f7c/ID+photo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2023-2024 - Ludmila Novotny Universidad nacional de la Plata, Argentina Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ludmila Novotny is a Certified English-Spanish Translator and researcher based in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. She holds a degree in Literary and Technical-Scientific Translation from the Instituto de Enseñanza Superior en Lenguas Vivas “Juan Ramón Fernández,” a degree in Legal Translation from the Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, and a Master’s Degree in Linguistics from the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. In addition to working as a translator and conducting her own research, Novotny works as a research assistant for a project at the Osnabrück University (Germany). In her master’s thesis, Novotny has successfully accounted for the distribution of the English form through based on a monosemic analysis of that form, guided by the principles of the Columbia School framework and using qualitative and quantitative methods. In her current research project, she adopts the same theoretical and methodological approaches with the aim to account for the distribution of the Mapudungun word pu. This form has been traditionally proposed to have two, unrelated meanings. Novotny’s proposal is that the distribution of pu in authentic discourse may be better explained by a single, invariant meaning. In her free time, Novotny enjoys singing, biking, practicing yoga or just relaxing at home with her husband and two cats.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/6fcc3be0-1c1b-4cf2-97d9-2694e4540603/Smaller_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2023-2024 - Tanisha Pandey University of Bern, Switzerland Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tanisha is a first year fellow who is looking at the distribution of the form they, in particular its use for singular referents. She is studying the frequency and distribution of the form to investigate whether they signals a Number meaning. It's possible that the information on the number of referents implicated by theyis inferred by the reader from the context of the form’s use and is not indicated by the form itself. The study aims to investigate this hypothesis using short stories published in the The New Yorker as its data set, and will include both qualitative and quantitative analysis. This work builds up on previous works conducted in Columbia School (including Stern 2019), and takes inspiration from Lavendera (1978), García (1985) and Otheguy &amp; Shin (2021) to bring Columbia School linguistics in dialogue with social queries into language use, and vice-versa. Tanisha was born in and finished high school in India and is currently pursuing her masters in Sociolinguistics at the University of Bern, Switzerland and lives in Hamburg, Germany.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1597450942021-VY028Z06HBLI9AW03948/Photo%2BDP%2Bvan%2BSoeren.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2023-2024 - Daan van Soeren University of Groningen, Netherlands Mentor: Bob de Jonge</image:title>
      <image:caption>Daan van Soeren’s dissertation project is carried out within the framework of Columbia School Phonology, more commonly known as Phonology as Human Behaviour (PHB; Diver 2012), which argues that the phonology of languages is shaped by the balance between maximum communication and minimal effort. He recently published a paper on word stress as a relevant factor in the distribution of phonemes. When comparing the distribution of consonants in Spanish, English and Dutch words that start with either a stressed or an unstressed syllable, the results undeniably show different distributional patterns for the two word types. He is currently in the final stages of his PhD.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Fellows 2023-2024 - Albert Ventayol-Boada University of California Santa Barbara Mentor: Ellen Contini-Morava</image:title>
      <image:caption>In this research fellowship Albert analyzes the so-called ‘grammatical focus’ in Kolyma Yukaghir (Yukaghiric; Russia) vis-à-vis the nominal case system and the verbal paradigms in the language. While current descriptions have listed the different forms linked to ‘focused’ and ‘non-focused’ morphology, the functions associated with each sign are less clear and do not specify in what social and pragmatic contexts speakers may choose to use them. This research is part of his doctoral dissertation on the morphosyntax of the two extant Yukaghiric languages using corpus methods, and psycholinguistic experiments in the field.  Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/csclass2023</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-08-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>CS Class 2023</image:title>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/givetoday</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-11-19</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Give Today</image:title>
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      <image:title>Give Today</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/9e0dd9a5-3bd7-4bc0-8fc8-a6f39e744f7c/ID+photo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Give Today</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1660586295975-SMP7U4JDOF5T2P182HSE/ricardo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Give Today</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1581276672240-60XVXVPK33EHSODH9LYF/Wally.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Give Today</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/85973fe9-1ae1-4200-a012-c883f0913b25/2021-12-20+16-17+copy.jpg</image:loc>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/1660586186492-9RXVMERFBKHR8AKJ8ZHM/Stern+Headshot+2022.jpg</image:loc>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/fellows-202324-1</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-10-11</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/16d544b4-88e4-476d-afdc-1b4156a1677a/DSC09638.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2024-2025 - Ilia Afanasev University of Vienna, Austria Mentor: Daan van Soeren</image:title>
      <image:caption>The project delves into the study of variation of the czas prszyszły zlożony (compound future tense) within the modern spoken standard Polish. The goal is to provide a sufficient explanation for the distribution of -ł- (former past participle;cf.  będzie googlowała 'she will be googling') and -ć- (infinitive; cf. będzie googlować 'they will be googling') forms, based on the concept of the modality degree. The study challenges the traditional view of randomness of this distribution, as well as the previous hypotheses that seemingly do not account for actual data, presenting, for instance, a superficial direct connection between -ł-form and a grammatical masculine gender.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/83e95067-d6eb-43e5-aac8-91cab5864b82/IMG_2006.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2024-2025 - Emmanuel Bawa City University of New York, Graduate Center Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>Research project: Conditional in New Testament Greek. This research is an initial attempt to apply the CS framework to two forms in Greek, εἰ and ἐάν, in the New Testament, beginning with the letters of Paul. These forms have been described as conditionals, but their differences have not yet been discovered. This preliminary research seeks to account for the distribution of the two particles using the Novum Testamentum Graece (Greek New Testament) as a primary source.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/0c614e09-3f63-4f4a-88f3-7ad3f6f145dc/IMG_9619.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2024-2025 - Andrew McCormick City University of New York, Graduate Center Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>The focus of this dissertation is the form how. The goal is to account for the distribution of how, a monosemous form with a single invariant meaning will be proposed. This claim presents a challenge to traditional analyses, which have posited at least three categories for the form: manner adverb (‘how to make lasagna’), intensifier (‘how far/how many’) and complementizer (this role is applied to situations where how is believed to be interpreted as an informal version of ‘that,’ as in, ‘He said how nobody likes the new policy’). Read More</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/22bc00cf-c124-453b-9881-49168356869f/ID+photo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2024-2025 - Ludmila Novotny Universidad nacional de la Plata, Argentina Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ludmila Novotny is a Certified English-Spanish Translator and researcher based in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. She holds a degree in Literary and Technical-Scientific Translation from the Instituto de Enseñanza Superior en Lenguas Vivas “Juan Ramón Fernández,” a degree in Legal Translation from the Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, and a Master’s Degree in Linguistics from the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. In addition to working as a translator and conducting her own research, Novotny works as a research assistant for a project at Osnabrück University (Germany). In her master’s thesis, Novotny has successfully accounted for the distribution of the English form through based on a monosemic analysis of that form, guided by the principles of the Columbia School framework and using qualitative and quantitative methods. In her current research project, she adopts the same theoretical and methodological approaches with the aim to account for the distribution of the Mapudungun word pu. This form has been traditionally proposed to have two, unrelated meanings. Novotny’s proposal is that the distribution of pu in authentic discourse may be better explained by a single, invariant meaning. In her free time, Novotny enjoys singing, practicing yoga or just relaxing at home with her husband, son and two cats.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/dbc42099-74cc-4668-89a7-617c7970e92a/Smaller_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2024-2025 - Tanisha Pandey University of Bern, Switzerland Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tanisha is a first year fellow who is looking at the distribution of the form they, in particular its use for singular referents. She is studying the frequency and distribution of the form to investigate whether they signals a Number meaning. It's possible that the information on the number of referents implicated by theyis inferred by the reader from the context of the form’s use and is not indicated by the form itself. The study aims to investigate this hypothesis using short stories published in the The New Yorker as its data set, and will include both qualitative and quantitative analysis. This work builds up on previous works conducted in Columbia School (including Stern 2019), and takes inspiration from Lavendera (1978), García (1985) and Otheguy &amp; Shin (2021) to bring Columbia School linguistics in dialogue with social queries into language use, and vice-versa. Tanisha was born in and finished high school in India and is currently pursuing her masters in Sociolinguistics at the University of Bern, Switzerland and lives in Hamburg, Germany.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/4664861d-fa55-4961-b1b7-6b50812532a3/Photo+DP+van+Soeren.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2024-2025 - Daan van Soeren University of Groningen, Netherlands Mentor: Bob de Jonge</image:title>
      <image:caption>Daan van Soeren recently completed his PhD project at the University of Groningen, under the auspices of the Columbia School Linguistic Society. In the 2024-2025 academic year, he will continue his scholarship as a postdoctoral Fellow at the Society.  His work has a focus on Columbia School Phonology, more commonly known as Phonology as Human Behaviour (PHB; Diver 2012), which argues that the phonology of languages is shaped the balance between maximum communication and minimal effort. He recently published a paper on word stress as a relevant factor in the distribution of sounds. When comparing the distribution of consonants in Spanish, English and Dutch words that start with either a stressed or an unstressed syllable, the results undeniably show different distributional patterns for the two word types.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/c2618c8f-1b97-48e9-8246-58480f4549db/Lucia+Zanfardini.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fellows 2024-2025 - Lucia Zanfardini Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina Mentor: Bob de Jonge and Angelita Martinez</image:title>
      <image:caption>The general purpose of this project is to make a contribution to the understanding of "para" in Spanish. In particular, this research intends to explain why, when using the language, individuals choose the form "para" every time they do so. In order to understand its use and to better specify the hypothesis about its meaning, "para" is studied in contrast with two other Spanish forms: "a" and "por". There is a notable consensus among grammarians in recognizing in these so-called oriented or dynamic forms the possibility of making inferences related to spatiality, temporality, and purpose. The hypothesis about the meaning of "para" is that the form suggests to the hearer that the subsequent expression is interpreted as a location in a determined and oriented area (in the sense of a two-dimensional space). Seen in this way, the meaning is suitable to contribute both to messages that conceptualize spaces in a literal sense and in a metaphorical sense. For this research, comments from the eWOM (Electronic Word of Mouth) communication on tourist destinations will be collected. The TripAdvisor community of travelers has been selected as a source of analysis, particularly comments related to destinations in the province of Río Negro (Argentina) written by speakers who have declared themselves to be Argentines. Lucía Zanfardini is a Professor of Language and Literature, holding a Master's degree in Linguistics and a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the National University of La Plata (Argentina). She was a doctoral fellow of the UNLP (2014-2017) and a doctoral and postdoctoral fellow of CONICET (2017-2023). She has served as a professor at the Argentine universities of La Plata, Río Negro and Comahue. She currently teaches Grammar I and Grammar II at the Centro Universitario Regional Zona Atlántica (Universidad Nacional del Comahue).</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.csling.org/fellows-20252026</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-10-17</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/16d544b4-88e4-476d-afdc-1b4156a1677a/DSC09638.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>2025-2026 Fellows - Ilia Afanasev University of Vienna, Austria Mentor: Daan van Soeren</image:title>
      <image:caption>The project, inspired by the variation of the czas prszyszły zlożony (compound future tense) forms within the modern spoken standard Polish, delves into the meaning of -ć-, traditionally called an infinitive (as in Niepokalane domy będą błyszczeć w słońcu ‘Immaculate homes will sparkle-ć in the sun.’). The study argues that the meaning of -ć- is narrowness of the time frame, and demonstrates it, using the example of A. Kuśniewicz’s Król Obojga Sycylii.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/83e95067-d6eb-43e5-aac8-91cab5864b82/IMG_2006.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>2025-2026 Fellows - Emmanuel Bawa City University of New York, Graduate Center Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>Research project: Conditional in New Testament Greek. This research is an initial attempt to apply the CS framework to three forms in Greek, εἰ, ἐάν, άν in the New Testament, focusing on the writings of John (Gospel of John, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Letters of John, and book of Revelation). These forms have been described as conditionals, but they contribute to a variety of other messages as well. This preliminary research seeks to account for the distribution of these particles using the Novum Testamentum Graece (Greek New Testament) as a primary source.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/22bc00cf-c124-453b-9881-49168356869f/ID+photo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>2025-2026 Fellows - Ludmila Novotny Universidad nacional de la Plata, Argentina Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ludmila Novotny is a Certified English-Spanish Translator and researcher based in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. She holds a degree in Literary and Technical-Scientific Translation from the Instituto de Enseñanza Superior en Lenguas Vivas “Juan Ramón Fernández,” a degree in Legal Translation from the Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, and a Master’s Degree in Linguistics from the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. In addition to working as a translator and conducting her own research, Novotny works as a research assistant for a project at Osnabrück University (Germany). In her master’s thesis, Novotny has successfully accounted for the distribution of the English form through based on a monosemic analysis of that form, guided by the principles of the Columbia School framework and using qualitative and quantitative methods. In her current research project, she adopts the same theoretical and methodological approaches with the aim to account for the distribution of the Mapudungun word pu. This form has been traditionally proposed to have two, unrelated meanings. Novotny’s proposal is that the distribution of pu in authentic discourse may be better explained by a single, invariant meaning. In her free time, Novotny enjoys singing, practicing yoga or just relaxing at home with her husband, son and two cats.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/dbc42099-74cc-4668-89a7-617c7970e92a/Smaller_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>2025-2026 Fellows - Tanisha Pandey University of Bern, Switzerland Mentor: Nancy Stern</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tanisha is a first year fellow who is looking at the distribution of the form they, in particular its use for singular referents. She is studying the frequency and distribution of the form to investigate whether they signals a Number meaning. It's possible that the information on the number of referents implicated by theyis inferred by the reader from the context of the form’s use and is not indicated by the form itself. The study aims to investigate this hypothesis using short stories published in the The New Yorker as its data set, and will include both qualitative and quantitative analysis. This work builds up on previous works conducted in Columbia School (including Stern 2019), and takes inspiration from Lavendera (1978), García (1985) and Otheguy &amp; Shin (2021) to bring Columbia School linguistics in dialogue with social queries into language use, and vice-versa. Tanisha was born in and finished high school in India and is currently pursuing her masters in Sociolinguistics at the University of Bern, Switzerland and lives in Hamburg, Germany.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e261e14fb3e614a442bb7a7/d516cc26-1b64-49f3-afa8-a4fdce03d63c/Daan+van+Soeren.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>2025-2026 Fellows - Daan van Soeren Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands Mentor: Bob de Jonge</image:title>
      <image:caption>Daan van Soeren recently completed his PhD project at the University of Groningen, under the auspices of the Columbia School Linguistic Society. In his dissertation, he compared the distribution of consonants in Spanish, English and Dutch words that start with either a stressed or an unstressed syllable, and the results show different distributional patterns for the two word types. In the 2025-2026 academic year, he will continue his scholarship as a postdoctoral Fellow at the Society, and compare the aforementioned sound patterns in Spanish, Dutch and English (from his previous work) to data from Guaraní, a Tupi language spoken in South America.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
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      <image:title>2025-2026 Fellows - Lucia Zanfardini Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina Mentor: Bob de Jonge and Angelita Martinez</image:title>
      <image:caption>This project investigates the meaning of the Spanish form para. During the 2024–2025 fellowship period, a qualitative analysis of a TripAdvisor corpus of Argentine tourist reviews led to the formulation of a monosemic hypothesis: para signals that what follows should be interpreted as a projected location toward a defined area, a contribution consistently observed in spatial, temporal, eventual, and self-referential uses. The current stage (2025–2026) focuses on refining the contrast between para, a (projected location at a defined point) and por (location in an undefined area), and on subjecting the hypothesis to quantitative validation through statistical analysis of distributional patterns. The aim is to consolidate a systematic account of this subsystem of Spanish prepositions and to provide contributions of theoretical and pedagogical value. Lucía Zanfardini holds a Master’s degree and a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the National University of La Plata. She was a doctoral fellow at UNLP (2014–2017), a doctoral and postdoctoral fellow at CONICET (2017–2023), and a CSLS Research Fellow in 2024–2025. She has taught at the universities of La Plata, Río Negro, and Comahue, where she currently teaches Grammar I and Grammar II.</image:caption>
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